08/17/2026
Understanding network diagnostics starts with knowing what each tool and protocol actually does.
DNS translates a domain name into an IP address.
ICMP carries network status and error messages. Ping uses ICMP Echo Request and Echo Reply to test basic IP connectivity.
Traceroute discovers Layer 3 hops by sending packets with increasing TTL values. Each router decreases TTL by one. When TTL reaches zero, the router discards the packet and returns ICMP Time Exceeded.
When reading ping results, focus on:
• Latency — round-trip time
• Packet loss — 0% is the target
• Stability — compare minimum, maximum and average
Remember:
• ICMP does not use TCP or UDP ports
• TTL is not a speed or quality score
• A successful ping confirms IP connectivity, not application availability
Quick troubleshooting order:
1. Ping the default gateway
2. Ping a public IP
3. Ping a domain name
Which test would you run first if a computer can reach its gateway but cannot resolve cisco.com?
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