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27/03/2018

Waterfall Model
The waterfall model is a sequential approach, where each fundamental activity of a process represented as a separate phase, arranged in linear order.

In the waterfall model, you must plan and schedule all of the activities before starting working on them (plan-driven process).

Plan-driven process is a process where all the activities are planned first, and the progress is measured against the plan. While the agile process, planning is incremental and it’s easier to change the process to reflect requirement changes.
The phases of the waterfall model are: Requirements, Design, Implementation, Testing, and Maintenance.
The Nature of Waterfall Phases
In principle, the result of each phase is one or more documents that should be approved and the next phase shouldn’t be started until the previous phase has completely been finished.

In practice, however, these phases overlap and feed information to each other. For example, during design, problems with requirements can be identified, and during coding, some of the design problems can be found, etc.
The software process therefore is not a simple linear but involves feedback from one phase to another. So, documents produced in each phase may then have to be modified to reflect the changes made.

When To Use?
In principle, the waterfall model should only be applied when requirements are well understood and unlikely to change radically during development as this model has a relatively rigid structure which makes it relatively hard to accommodate change when the process in underway.

27/03/2018

A software process model is a simplified representation of a software process. Each model represents a process from a specific perspective.

We’re going to take a quick glance about very general process models. These generic models are abstractions of the process that can be used to explain different approaches to the software development. They can be adapted and extended to create more specific processes.

Some methodologies are sometimes known as software development life cycle (SDLC) methodologies, though this term could also be used more generally to refer to any methodology.

Examples of software process models: Waterfall, Prototyping, Incremental Development, Spiral Model, Iterative Development.

27/03/2018

Kanban is a visual system for managing work as it moves through a process. Kanban visualizes both the process (the workflow) and the actual work passing through that process. The goal of Kanban is to identify potential bottlenecks in your process and fix them so work can flow through it cost-effectively at an optimal speed or throughput.
The Kanban Method follows a set of principles and practices for managing and improving the flow of work. It is an evolutionary, non-disruptive method that promotes gradual improvements to an organization’s processes. If you follow these principles and practices, you will successfully be able to use Kanban for maximizing the benefits to your business process – improve flow, reduce cycle time, increase value to customer, with greater predictability – all of which are crucial to any business today.

The four foundational principles and six Core Practices of the Kanban Method are provided below:
Foundational Principles

1. Start with what you are doing now: The Kanban Method (hereafter referred to as just Kanban) strongly emphasizes not making any change to your existing setup/ process right away. Kanban must be applied directly to current workflow. Any changes needed can occur gradually over a period of time at a pace the team is comfortable with.

2. Agree to pursue incremental, evolutionary change: Kanban encourages you to make small incremental changes rather than making radical changes that might lead to resistance within the team and organization.

3. Initially, respect current roles, responsibilities and job-titles: Unlike other methods, Kanban does not impose any organizational changes by itself. So, it is not necessary to make changes to your existing roles and functions which may be performing well. The team will collaboratively identify and implement any changes needed.

These three principles help the organizations overcome the typical emotional resistance and the fear of change that usually accompany any change initiatives in an organization.

4. Encourage acts of leadership at all levels: Kanban encourages continuous improvement at all the levels of the organization and it says that leadership acts don’t have to originate from senior managers only. People at all levels can provide ideas and show leadership to implement changes to continually improve the way they deliver their products and services.

27/03/2018

The Spiral methodology extends the Waterfall model by adding rapid prototyping in an effort to combine advantages of top-down and bottom-up concepts. It provided emphasis in a key area with deliberating iterative risk analysis. It suits to large-scale complex systems. Spiral is generally chosen over the waterfall approach for large, expensive, and complicated projects.
The Spiral Lifecycle Model is a sophisticated lifecycle model that focuses on early identification and reduction of project risks. A spiral project starts on a small scale, explores risks, makes a plan to handle the risks, and then decides whether to take the next step of the project (to do the next iteration of the spiral). It derives its rapid development benefit from continuously reducing the projects risk level. Success at using the Spiral Lifecycle Model depends on conscientious, attentive, and knowledgeable management.
You can find the steps in the Spiral model as follows:
 The new system requirements are defined in details
 A preliminary design is created
 A first prototype of the new system is constructed from the preliminary design
 A second prototype is evolved using four steps: --evaluation of the first prototype; --defining the requirements for the second prototype; --planning and designing the second prototype; --constructing and testing the second prototype
 If the risk is great the project could be aborted. Risk factors might involve development cost overruns
 The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the previous prototype, and, if necessary, another prototype is developed from it
 The preceding steps are iterated until the customer is satisfied
 The final system is constructed (based on the refined prototype)
 The final system is thoroughly evaluated and tested
 Routine maintenance is carried out on a continuing basis to prevent large-scale failures and to minimize downtime
The focus is on risk assessment and on minimizing project risk by breaking a project into smaller segments and providing more ease-of-change during the development process. The developers are intended towards crafting a plan for iterating of the spiral. Each cycle involves a progression through the same sequence of steps for each part of the product and for each of its levels of elaboration. The accomplishment of any Spiral Lifecycle model is based on consistent, observant, and conversant management of the project.

27/03/2018

Rapid Application Development (RAD) Methodology is created to take the maximum advantage of the development software. It aimed to reduce the amount of construction needed to build a product. RAD is a condensed development process that produces a high-quality system with low investment costs. It’s possible due to the ability to quickly adjust needed things. It aimed at providing quick results.
The Rapid Application Development method is divided into four phases:
 requirements planning
 user design
 construction
 cutover
The user design and construction phases are repeated until the user approves that all of the requirements are met.
RAD is most effective for projects with a well-defined business objective and a clearly defined user group, but which are not computationally complex. It is especially useful if the project is of small to medium size and time sensitive. However, it requires a stable team composition with highly skilled developers. Deep knowledge is essential when working on a condensed development timeline that requires approval after each construction phase.
RAD (rapid application development) proposes that products can be developed faster and of higher quality by:
 using workshops or focus groups to gather requirements
 prototyping and user testing of designs
 re-using software components
 following a schedule that defers design improvements to the next product version
 keeping review meetings and other team communication informal
RAD usually embraces object-oriented programming methodology, which inherently fosters software re-use.

27/03/2018

Extreme Programming approach (XP) refers to an agile software engineering methodology. It was created to avoid the development of functions that are not currently needed. It aimed at the creation of a top-notch final product with no regard for frequent changes in requirements. Another aim of this method is reducing the costs of software essentials. To achieve that, continuous testing and planning are applied.
In comparison with the other approaches, XP takes more time and human resources. As far as XP is chiefly used for crafting software within a very unbalanced atmosphere and enables greater tractability within the modeling procedure, it is perfect for complicated projects. It is the best choice if your client has a deadline to deliver the product with no clear understanding of how it must work, and the risk is higher. XP techniques are setup to address and mitigate the risks and increase the likelihood of success.
Unlike Waterfall methodology, where the requirements for the system are determined and often “frozen”, XP means that the cost of changing the requirements at a later stage in the project can be very high.
Extreme programming core Practices:
Fine-scale feedback
 TDD (test driven development)
 planning game
 whole team
 pair programming
Continuous process rather than batch
 continuous Integration
 design Improvement
 small releases
Shared understanding
 simple design
 system metaphor
 collective code ownership
 coding standards or coding conventions
Programmer welfare
 sustainable pace (i.e. forty hour week)
XP team is supposed to have a customer on site, who specifies and prioritizes work for the team, and who can answer questions as soon as they arise.

27/03/2018

Scrum is an iterative and incremental agile software development framework for managing product development. It defines a flexible, holistic product development strategy where a development team works as a unit to reach a common goal. This method enables teams to self-organize by encouraging physical co-location or close online collaboration of all team members, as well as daily face-to-face communication among all team members and disciplines involved.
A key principle of Scrum is the dual recognition that customers will change their minds about what they want or need (requirements volatility) and that there will. Scrum adopts an evidence-based empirical approach — accepting that the problem cannot be fully understood or defined up front, and instead focusing on how to maximize the team’s ability to deliver quickly, to respond to emerging requirements, and to adapt to evolving technologies and changes in market conditions.
Main features of Scrum:
 a living backlog of prioritized work to be done
 completion of a fixed set of backlog items in a series of short iterations or sprints
 a brief daily meeting (“a scrum”) for explaining the progress, describing an upcoming work and possible obstacles
 a brief planning session in which the backlog items for the sprint will be defined
 a brief heartbeat retrospective when all team members reflect about the past sprint
Scrum is facilitated by a scrum master, whose primary job is to remove impediments to the ability of the team to deliver the sprint goal. The scrum master is not the leader of the team (as they are self-organizing) but acts as a productivity buffer between the team and any destabilizing influences.
This method encourages verbal communication across all team members and across all disciplines that are involved in the project.

27/03/2018

Agile software development is a conceptual framework for undertaking software engineering projects.
The main goal of agile methods is minimizing the risk by developing software in short timeboxes, called iterations, which typically last one to four weeks. Each timebox is like a mini software project that includes all the tasks necessary to release the mini-increment of new functionality:
 planning,
 requirements analysis,
 design,
 coding,
 testing, and
 documentation.
The iteration may not add enough functionality to warrant releasing the product, but an agile software project intends to be capable of releasing new software at the end of every iteration. After this iteration, the team reevaluates project priorities. Agile methods emphasize working product as the primary measure of the progress. Relative to the other methods Agile produce very little written documentation — the “real-time” is the preferable type of communication. Most of the development team members (and business owners too) are located nearby and can communicate face-to-face.
Main principles of Agile software development methodology: face-to-face meetings, constant cooperation, early and continuous delivery of the working software, transparency. Whenever there are unexpected or frequent changes either from the client’s side or internal, this model becomes the perfect choice for managers and team leaders.

27/03/2018

Known as the ‘software development life cycle,’ these six steps include planning, analysis, design, development & implementation, testing & deployment and maintenance. Let’s study each of these steps to know how the perfect software is developed.

1. Blueprint: In order to develop fully functional software, one has to do some planning and create a blueprint of software.Planning kicks off a project flawlessly and affects its progress positively.

2. Analysis: This particular phase involves scrutinizing whether your project is feasible or not.

3. Design: Once the analysis is complete, the step of designing takes over, which is basically building the architecture of the project.

4.Coding: It involves transforming a design into code by programmers.

5. Testing and Deployment: : Once the code has been developed, it undergoes several testing phases that determine whether the product is working as per original specifications or not.

6. Maintenance: Once the software passes through all the stages without any issues, it is to undergo a maintenance process wherein it will be maintained and upgraded from time to time to adapt to changes

27/03/2018

Developers today frequently find themselves between a rock and a hard place. The business may not place security at the top of its priorities, but we all know how vital it is – and in today’s agile and DevOps working environments, developers cannot afford to finish applications and then leave the tidying up to the security team.
While developers do care about security, and are getting better at it, more work still needs to be done – including to ‘think like an attacker.’ Some developers ‘may be brushing off security recommendations based on some unsound assumptions about how applications can potentially be attacked.
Another way of improving is to move to a DevSecOps environment. As DevOps demands organizations test and iterate more often, DevSecOps demands that they should up the frequency of their security scanning as well. Year on year, the report found the figures are slowly going up.

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