UNIVERSAL SOLAR PAKISTAN Pvt.Ltd
C.E.O:
Capt(Retd) Kamal Ahmad. Mob #03218822881
03314499442
SALES MANAGER:
Ammara naseem
03314890953
ELECTRICAL .ENG:
Naveed Ahmed Malik
TECHNICIAN:
M.BABAR
Office no #10,2nd Floor, Rehman Arcade,Airline society near Shaukat Khanum,Lahore.
2014 Solar power is all the rage in today’s environmentally conscious and aware world. Everywhere you look people are trying to
find ways to power things by harnessing the sun’s natural power in order to preserve our earth more. For many years, using solar power was an expensive process and many people didn’t want to spend the initial time and investment to start using solar energy. In today’s market though, solar energy has become more efficient, cheaper, and is well worth the money spent. It can save money on utilities. Use solar energy to power your home- even using it a little can save quite a bit. Use solar energy to power electronics. Use solar power for electricity and lighting. This also falls more into the category of using it to power your home and save on utility and electricity bills. Place solar panels on your office building, Home, University, School, factories and save large amount of money & get rid of load shedding and expensive generator bills. SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS MANUAL
UNIVERSAL SOLAR PAKISTAN
Universal Solar Pakistan is distributing internationally recognized power generation and industrial solutions and services. We offer permanent energy solution for homes, offices, colleges, hospitals, factories, restaurants etc. we deal in Canadian and Chinese solar panels, APC, Hybrid UPS, Grid tied(on grid), Off Grid, solar street lights and Solar Tube wells. We are offering after sales services. SOLAR ENERGY
When it comes to the future, solar energy is looking strong. People are now realizing that in the long term, Solar Energy provides a financially viable option. The initial costs might be high, but in the long term, everyone can save money by using Solar Energy. Today, the declining cost and increasing efficiency of solar energy technology has given rise to practical applications on earth – from powering personal electronic devices, homes and factories to generating utility-scale power. Saving money is something that everyone is looking to achieve when it comes to solar energy. The great advantage of solar energy is that it utilizes a free energy
resource; the sun. By utilizing the power of the sun, solar energy systems can create electricity. A lot more people these days are focused on doing what is right for the environment. This includes things like producing energy. Power plants use a lot of non-renewable energy resources to provide our homes with power. Solar energy systems do not damage the environment in any way, so are good for the future of the planet. One of the major advantages of solar energy is the lack of maintenance that is required in the long term. The systems do need slight maintenance every now and then, but in the long term, the costs are minimal. The process of generating electricity by using bio fuels is getting expensive and hard. The reason is that production of the essential bio fuels like coal oil and gas are limited to the few countries. This is the reason why most of the underdeveloped countries of the world are switching to the solar power plants. These power plants generate electricity at lower cost as compared to the bio fuels. SOLAR CELL & PHOTO VOLTAIC MODULES Photovoltaic (PV) Power
PV is emerging as a major power resource, steadily becoming more affordable and proving to be more reliable than utilities. Photovoltaic power promises a brighter, cleaner future for our children. The photovoltaic effect is the basic principal process by which a PV cell converts sunlight into electricity. When light shines on a PV cell, it may be reflected, absorbed, or pass right through. The absorbed light generates electricity. Originally this technology was a costly source of power for satellites but it has steadily come down in price making it affordable to power homes and businesses. Cells: Semiconductor device that converts sunlight into direct current (DC) electricity Modules: PV modules consist of PV cell circuits sealed in an environmentally protective laminate and are the fundamental building block of PV systems Panels: PV panels include one or more PV modules assembled as a pre-wired, field-installable unit Array: A PV array is the complete power-generating unit, consisting of any number of PV
Photovoltaic Cell
A single PV cell is a thin semiconductor wafer made of two layers generally made of highly purified silicon (PV cells can be made of many different semiconductors but crystalline silicon is the most widely used). The layers have been doped with boron on one side and phosphorous on the other side, producing surplus of electrons on one side and a deficit of electrons on the other side. When the wafer is bombarded by sunlight, photons in the sunlight knock off some of excess electrons, this makes a voltage difference between the two sides as the excess electrons try to move to the deficit side. In silicon this voltage is 0.5 volt. Metallic contacts are made to both sides of the semiconductor. With an external circuit attached to the contacts, the electrons can get back to where they came from and a current flow through the circuit. This PV cell has no storage capacity, it simply acts as an electron pump. The amount of current is determined by the number of electrons that the solar photons knock off. Bigger cells, more efficient cells, or cells exposed to more intense sunlight will deliver more electrons. Photovoltaic Modules A PV module consists of many PV cells wired in parallel to increase current and in series to produce a higher voltage. 36 cell modules are the industry standard for large power production. The module is encapsulated with tempered glass (or some other transparent material) on the front surface, and with a protective and waterproof material on the back surface. The edges are sealed for weatherproofing, and there is often an aluminum frame holding everything together in a mountable unit. In the back of the module there is a junction box, or wire leads, providing electrical connections. Types of PV Modules Monocrystalline Silicon Panels: Monocrystalline (or single-crystal) silicon solar panels have a return electricity rate of anywhere from 14% to 18%. These panels are made from one continuous sheet of silicon that has pieces of metal nailed to the edges to increase the conductivity and to excite the electrons. Monocrystalline panels are more expensive than some of the other types of solar panels that you can buy but they are also more effective, so in the long run you’re better off buying these panels if you can afford the upfront cost. Polycrystalline Silicon Panels: Polycrystalline (or multi-crystal) silicon panes have an electricity
monocrystalline silicon solar panels. These panels are made up of lots of individual PV cells that have metal conducting materials nailed to the sides that will help excite the electrons and also connect the cells together. Polycrystalline silicon panels are the cheapest solar panels to produce so they are usually the cheapest for consumers to buy. The maintenance costs of polycrystalline silicon panels is lower than the maintenance cost of monocrystalline solar panels because if one of the cells on a polycrystalline panel is damaged you can have the individual cell replaced without having to replace the entire panel. String Ribbon Silicon Panels: String ribbon silicon panels are made in a similar way to the polycrystalline silicon panels and have about the same electricity return rate. The difference between string ribbon silicon panels and polycrystalline silicon panels is that the PV cells in a string ribbon panel are made of strips of silicon attached to metal bars that connect the strips to form a cell. Using strips of silicon to form the cell instead of using one solid square of silicon make the production cost of string ribbon silicon panels a bit lower than the production cost of polycrystalline silicon panels. Amorphous Silicon Panels: Amorphous silicon panels have the lowest electricity return rate of any type of solar panels. Traditionally amorphous silicon solar panels have an electricity return rate of between 5%-6%. That’s because these panels aren’t made with crystalline silicon. They are composed of a piece of semi conductive metal, like copper, with a thin silicon film over the top that is attached to some metal pieces. These panels are very cheap to produce but when you’re buying solar panels for home use you need to consider the long term efficiency of the type of panel that you’re buying. Unfortunately, though cheap to begin with they do not produce much energy, therefore amorphous silicon panels are not going to be cost effective in the long run. Photovoltaic Panels PV panels include one or more PV modules assembled as a pre-wired, field-installable unit. The modular design of PV panels allows systems to grow as needs change. Modules of different manufacture can be intermixed without any problem, as long as all the modules have rated voltage output within 1.0 volt difference. Solar panels generate free power from the sun by converting sunlight to electricity with no moving parts, zero emissions, and no maintenance. The solar panel, the first component of a electric solar energy system, is a collection of individual silicon cells that generate electricity from sunlight. The photons (light particles) produce an electrical current as they strike the surface of the thin silicon wafers. A single solar cell produces only about 1/2 (.5) of a volt. However, a typical 12 volt panel about 25 inches by 54 inches will contain 36 cells wired in series to produce about 17 volts peak output. If the solar panel can be configured for 24 volt output,
