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How to operate and History of computers and other Devices, Gombe (2026)

08/09/2017

In context of spaceflight, a satellite is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit . Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as Earth's Moon .
In 1957 the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1 . Since then, about 6,600 satellites from more than 40 countries have been launched. According to a 2013 estimate, 3,600 remained in orbit. [1] Of those, about 1,000 were operational; [2] while the rest have lived out their useful lives and became space debris. Approximately 500 operational satellites are in low-Earth orbit , 50 are in medium-Earth orbit (at 20,000 km), and the rest are in geostationary orbit (at 36,000 km). [3] A few large satellites have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit. Over a dozen space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon ,
Mercury , Venus, Mars, Jupiter , Saturn , a few
asteroids , [4] and the Sun .
Satellites are used for many purposes. Common types include military and civilian
Earth observation satellites, communications satellites , navigation satellites , weather satellites , and space telescopes . Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites. Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways. Well-known (overlapping) classes include low Earth orbit, polar orbit , and geostationary orbit .
A launch vehicle is a rocket that throws a satellite into orbit. Usually it lifts off from a
launch pad on land. Some are launched at sea from a submarine or a mobile maritime platform , or aboard a plane (see air launch to orbit ).
Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude control and orbit control.

08/09/2017

An Internet service provider ( ISP ) is an organization that provides services accessing and using the Internet . Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned , non-profit , or otherwise privately owned .
Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit ,
domain name registration, web hosting ,
Usenet service and colocation .

08/09/2017

Mobile broadband is the marketing term for wireless Internet access delivered through mobile phone towers to computers, mobile phones (called "cell phones" in North America and South Africa, and "hand phones" in Asia), and other digital devices using portable modems . Some mobile services allow more than one device to be connected to the Internet using a single cellular connection using a process called tethering . The modem may be built into laptop computers, tablets, mobile phones, and other devices, added to some devices using PC cards , USB modems , and USB sticks or dongles, or separate
wireless modems can be used. [68]
New mobile phone technology and infrastructure is introduced periodically and generally involves a change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards-compatible transmission technology, higher peak data rates, new frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz becomes available. These transitions are referred to as generations. The first mobile data services became available during the second generation (2G).

08/09/2017

Wireless Internet service providers (WISPs) operate independently of mobile phone operators. WISPs typically employ low-cost IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi radio systems to link up remote locations over great distances ( Long-range Wi-Fi ), but may use other higher-power radio communications systems as well.
Traditional 802.11a/b/g/n/ac is an unlicensed omnidirectional service designed to span between 100 and 150 m (300 to 500 ft). By focusing the radio signal using a directional antenna (where allowed by regulations), 802.11 can operate reliably over a distance of many km(miles), although the technology's line-of-sight requirements hamper connectivity in areas with hilly or heavily foliated terrain. In addition, compared to hard-wired connectivity, there are security risks (unless robust security protocols are enabled); data rates are usually slower (2 to 50 times slower); and the network can be less stable, due to interference from other wireless devices and networks, weather and line-of-sight problems. [72]
With the increasing popularity of unrelated consumer devices operating on the same 2.4 GHz band, many providers have migrated to the 5GHz ISM band . If the service provider holds the necessary spectrum license, it could also reconfigure various brands of off the shelf Wi-Fi hardware to operate on its own band instead of the crowded unlicensed ones. Using higher frequencies carries various advantages:
usually regulatory bodies allow for more power and using (better-) directional antennae,
there exists much more bandwidth to share, allowing both better throughput and improved coexistence,
there are less consumer devices that operate over 5 GHz than on 2.4 GHz, hence less interferers are present,
the shorter wavelengths propagate much worse through walls and other structure, so much less interference leaks outside of the homes of consumers.
Proprietary technologies like Motorola Canopy & Expedience can be used by a WISP to offer wireless access to rural and other markets that

08/09/2017

Internet Explorer[a] (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer[b] and Windows Internet Explorer , [c] commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a series of graphicalweb browsers developed by Microsoft and included in the
Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95 that year. Later versions were available as free downloads, or in service packs, and included in the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows. The browser is
discontinued , but still maintained.

08/09/2017

The Internet is a global network comprising many voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks. It operates without a central governing body. The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols ( IPv4 and IPv6 ) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise. To maintain interoperability, the principal name spaces of the Internet are administered by the
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). ICANN is governed by an international board of directors drawn from across the Internet technical, business, academic, and other non-commercial communities. ICANN coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers for use on the Internet, including domain names , Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, application port numbers in the transport protocols, and many other parameters. Globally unified name spaces are essential for maintaining the global reach of the Internet. This role of ICANN distinguishes it as perhaps the only central coordinating body for the global Internet. [44]
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) allocate IP addresses:
African Network Information Center (AfriNIC) for Africa
American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) for North America
Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) for Asia and the Pacific region
Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC) for Latin America and the Caribbean region
Réseaux IP Européens – Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) for Europe, the
Middle East , and Central Asia
The National Telecommunications and Information Administration, an agency of the
United States Department of Commerce, had final approval over changes to the DNS root zone until the IANA stewardship transition on 1 October 2016. [45][46][47][48] The Internet Society (ISOC) was founded in 1992 with a mission to "assure the open development, evolutio

08/09/2017

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail , telephony , and
file sharing .
The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, fault-tolerant communication via computer networks. [1] The linking of commercial networks and enterprises in the early 1990s marks the beginning of the transition to the modern Internet, [2] and generated rapid growth as institutional,
personal , and mobile computers were connected to the network. By the late 2000s , its services and technologies had been incorporated into virtually every aspect of modern life.
Most traditional communications media, including telephony, radio, television, paper mail and newspapers are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as email , Internet telephony,
Internet television, online music , digital newspapers, and video streaming websites. Newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging , web feeds and online
news aggregators . The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging,
Internet forums , and social networking . Online shopping has grown exponentially both for major retailers and small businesses and
entrepreneurs , as it enables firms to extend their "brick and mortar " presence to serve a larger market or even sell goods and services entirely online . Business-to-business an

08/09/2017

Photoshop was created in 1988 by Thomas and John Knoll. Since then, it has become the
de facto industry standard in raster graphics editing, such that the word "photoshop" has become a verb as in "to Photoshop an image," " photoshopping " and " photoshop contest ", though Adobe discourages such use. [5] It can edit and compose raster images in multiple layers and supports masks , alpha compositing and several color models including RGB ,
CMYK , CIELAB , spot color and duotone . Photoshop has vast support for graphic file formats but also uses its own PSD and
PSB file formats which support all the aforementioned features. In addition to raster graphics, it has limited abilities to edit or render text, vector graphics (especially through clipping path ), 3D graphics and video. Photoshop's feature set can be expanded by
Photoshop plug-ins , programs developed and distributed independently of Photoshop that can run inside it and offer new or enhanced features.
Photoshop's naming scheme was initially based on version numbers . However, in October 2002, following the introduction of
Creative Suite branding, each new version of Photoshop was designated with "CS" plus a number; e.g., the eighth major version of Photoshop was Photoshop CS and the ninth major version was Photoshop CS2. Photoshop CS3 through CS6 were also distributed in two different editions: Standard and Extended. In June 2013, with the introduction of Creative Cloud branding, Photoshop's licensing scheme was changed to that of software as a service rental model and the "CS" suffixes were replaced with "CC". Historically, Photoshop was bundled with additional software such as
Adobe ImageReady , Adobe Fireworks, Adobe Bridge , Adobe Device Central and Adobe Camera RAW.
Alongside Photoshop, Adobe also develops and publishes Photoshop Elements , Photoshop Lightroom , Photoshop Express and Photoshop Touch. Collectively, they are branded as "The Adobe Photoshop Family". It is currently a licensed software.

08/09/2017

Paint (formerly Paintbrush), commonly known as Microsoft Paint , is a simple computer graphics app that has been included with all versions of Microsoft Windows. The app opens and saves files as Windows bitmap (24-bit, 256 color, 16 color, and monochrome , all with the .bmp extension), JPEG, GIF (without animation or transparency, although the Windows 98 version, a Windows 95 upgrade, and the Windows NT 4.0 version did support the latter), PNG (without alpha channel ), and single-page TIFF . The app can be in color mode or two-color black-and-white , but there is no grayscale mode. For its simplicity, it rapidly became one of the most used applications in the early versions of Windows, introducing many to painting on a computer for the first time. It is still widely used for simple image manipulation tasks.

08/09/2017

CorelDraw (styled CorelDRAW ) is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by
Corel Corporation . It is also the name of Corel's Graphics Suite, which bundles CorelDraw with bitmap-image editor Corel Photo-Paint as well as other graphics-related programs (see below). The latest version is designated X8 (equivalent to version 18), and was released in March 2016. [5] CorelDraw is designed to edit two-dimensional images such as logos and posters.
History
In 1987, Corel hired software engineers Michel Bouillon and Pat Beirne to develop a vector-based illustration program to bundle with their desktop publishing systems. That program, CorelDraw, was initially released in 1989. CorelDraw 1.x and 2.x ran under Windows 2.x and 3.0. CorelDraw 3.0 came into its own with Microsoft's release of Windows 3.1. The inclusion of TrueType in Windows 3.1 transformed CorelDraw into a serious illustration program capable of using system-installed outline fonts without requiring third-party software such as Adobe Type Manager; paired with a photo-editing program (Corel Photo-Paint), a font manager and several other pieces of software, it was also part of the first all-in-one graphics suite.

08/09/2017

WordPad is a basic word processor that is included with almost all versions of Microsoft Windows from Windows 95 onwards. It is more advanced than Microsoft Notepad but simpler than Microsoft Works Word Processor and Microsoft Word . It replaced Microsoft Write .
Features
WordPad can format and print text, including fonts, bold, italic, colored, and centered text, etc., but lacks such features as a spell checker , thesaurus , and control over
pagination . It does not support footnotes or endnotes. However WordPad can read, render, and save many Rich Text Format (RTF) features that it cannot create such as tables, strikeout, superscript, subscript, "extra" colors, text background colors, numbered lists, right or left indent, quasi-hypertext and URL linking, and various line spacings. Among its advantages are low system-resource usage, simplicity, and speed. Pasting into or from an HTML document such as from the internet or email will typically automatically convert most or all of it to RTF (although this is partially browser-dependent). As such, WordPad is well suited for taking notes, writing letters and stories, or for usage in various tablets, PCs, and smart phones. However, WordPad is underpowered for work that relies heavily on graphics or typesetting such as most publishing-industry requirements for rendering final hard copy.
WordPad natively supports RTF, though it does not support all the features defined in the RTF/Word 2007 specification. Previous versions of WordPad also supported the "Word for Windows 6.0" format, which is forward compatible with the Microsoft Word format [ citation needed ] .
In Windows 95, 98 and Windows 2000, it used Microsoft's RichEdit control, versions 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 respectively. [1] In Windows XP SP1 and later, it uses RichEdit 4.1, [2] including Windows 7. [3]
WordPad for Windows XP added full Unicode support, enabling WordPad to support multiple languages, but UTF-16/UCS-2 Big Endian is not supported. It can open Microsoft Wor

08/09/2017

PowerPoint was created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin at a software startup in
Silicon Valley named Forethought, Inc. [16] Forethought had been founded in 1983 to create applications for future personal computers that would have graphical user interfaces, such as Microsoft Windows and
Apple Macintosh . [17]
On July 5, 1984, Forethought hired Robert Gaskins as its vice president of product development, to create a new application that would be especially suited to the new
graphical personal computers. [18] (p51) Gaskins produced his initial description of PowerPoint about a month later (August 14, 1984) in the form of a 2-page document titled "Presentation Graphics for Overhead Projection." [19] By October of 1984 Gaskins had selected Dennis Austin to be the developer for PowerPoint. [20] Gaskins and Austin worked together on the definition and design of the new product for nearly a year, and produced the first specification document dated August 21, 1985. [21] This first design document showed a product as it would look in Microsoft Windows 1.0 ,[22] which at that time had not been released. [23]
Development from that spec was begun by Austin in November 1985, for Macintosh first. [18] (p104) About six months later, on May 1, 1986, Gaskins and Austin chose a second developer to join the project, Thomas Rudkin. [18] (p149) Gaskins prepared two final product specification marketing documents in June of 1986; these described a product for both Macintosh and Windows. [24][25] At about the same time, Austin, Rudkin, and Gaskins produced a second and final major design specification document, this time showing a Macintosh look. [26]
Throughout this development period the product was called "Presenter." Then, just before release, there was a last-minute check with Forethought's lawyers to register the name as a trademark, and "Presenter" was unexpectedly rejected because it had already been used by someone else. Gaskins says that he thought of "PowerPoint", based on t

How to operate and History of computers and other Devices

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