24/02/2014
Types and Specifications of Microprocessor:
Types of microprocessor:
There are basically 5 kinds of microprocessors namely:
Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors: They are also called as CISM in short and they categorize a micro processor in which orders can be executed together along with other low level activities. It mainly performs the task of uploading, downloading and recalling data into and from the memory card. Apart from that it also does complex mathematical calculations within a single command.
Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor: This processor is also called as RISC. These kinds of chips are made according to the function in which the microprocessor can carry out small things within a particular command. In this way it completes more commands at a faster rate.
Superscalar Processors: This is a processor that copies the hardware on the microprocessor for performing numerous tasks at a time. They can be used for arithmetic and as multipliers. They have several operational units and thus carry out more than a one command by constantly transmitting various instructions to the superfluous operational units inside the processor.
The Application Specific Integrated Circuit: This processor is also known as ASIC. They are used for specific purposes that comprises of automotive emissions control or personal digital assistants computer. This kind of processor is made with proper specification but apart from that it can also be made using the off the shelf gears.
Digital Signal Multiprocessors: Also called as DSP’s, these are used for encoding and decoding videos or to convert the digital and video to analog and analog to digital. They need a microprocessor that is excellent in mathematical calculations. The chips of this processor are employed in SONAR, RADAR, home theaters audio gears, Mobile phones and TV set top boxes.
Microprocessor Specifications:
External and Internal Data Bus: The most initial microprocessors could handle information only in 8 bits. As the width of the data bus increases it determines the amount of information that can be moved in and out in a single operation. Apart from that it also states the amount of instructions and numbers that can be used. Also the width of the internal bus and storage area differs from the external bus. Thus it differs from company to company. However the Pentium processors have an external 64 bit data bus.
Cache Memory: When the speed of the processor increases the RAM finds it difficult to withstand it. Thus to minimize the size and the cost, RAM uses dynamic RAM which is faster in one hand while on the other very expensive. Thus it is used less for temporary storage of files on the microprocessor this is called as cache memory. It is also called as high speed memory and is operated by a cache controller that identifies which data and instruction would be required for the next and accordingly loads it into the cache.
Speed of Clock: The oscillator that is fixed above the motherboard generates a number of electronic pulses that is used by the computer to synchronize operations. The change in the signal from positive to negative and vice versa is a cycle and thus the amount of cycle per second is calculated in hertz. The processor’s speed is generally the multiple of the external bus.
MIPS: A microprocessor generally requires 10 clocks cycle to complete a single instruction. Also the speed of the clock does not relate directly to the speed at which the CPU processes the instructions. To measure more than one instruction at a time modern processors have multiple pipelines, however apart from this a more accurate way to measure the speed of the processor is with the help of MIPS (Millions of instructions per second).
Power Consumption: Power consumption is also a way of measuring the performance of the microprocessor. The formula for this is volts X Amps = watts. If the power consume id much then it is give as heat and if there is low consumption it helps in increasing the batter life of notebook computers.
8085 Microprocessor:
This was introduced by the Intel Company in the year 1977 to 1990. It was compatible with Intel 8080 but needed less support of the hardware. The 5 in the model was added as it requires plus 5 voltages. Minus 5 voltage and plus 12 voltage. It is an 8 bit general purpose microprocessor that can easily store 64k bite of memory. These were used in computers that used the CP or M operating system.
8085 Microprocessor architecture:
In this microprocessor the program can be located from anywhere in the memory. Also the program, data and the stack memories occupy equal memory. Also the information can be placed anywhere as it uses 16 bit addresses. It has about 5 interrupts that range from the lowest to the highest. It has 256 input and output ports.
8086 Microprocessor:
This is more advanced that 8085 microprocessor as it has 16 bit microprocessor chip. It was released between the years 1976 to 1978. It was designed in order to allow the assembly language for the 8008. 8080. New kinds of instructions were added in this microprocessor and microcoded divide and multiply instructions. It had 16 bit registers including the stack pointer.
8086 Microprocessor architecture:
The total memory size of this is 1 MB KB. Also it sues 16 bit pointers. However it can address only 64 kb of memory. It sues special segment registers in order to use memory more than 64 kb. The programs can be located anywhere in the memory instructions such as jump and call can be used within the 64 kb code limit. It can access data in any one among the 4 available segments
Microprocessor and Interfacing:
A microprocessor to become a more useful device needs to be connected to other electronic device. In order to design a computer the microprocessor needs to be interfaced to the main memory, keyboard, USB ports, disk memory etc. now in this process of interfacing we come across two types namely Memory Interfacing and I/O Interfacing.
Memory interfacing: The microprocessor needs to access memory for the purpose of reading instructions and codes stored in the memory the memory requires a set of signals to read from and write to the registers. The same way the microprocessor too transmits signals for the purpose of data reading and writing. The process of interfacing here requires the match the requirement of the memory with the signals of the microprocessor. Thus, it should be designed in such a way that both of these match thus the primary purpose of the memory interfacing is to to help the microprocessor in reading and writing data at the given register of the chip.
I/O interfacing: The keyboard and the displays need to be interfaced with the microprocessor as it is used as a channel of communication. This is called as I/O interfacing. Latches and buffers are used in this type for interfacing keyboards and displays with the microprocessor. However one drawback in this method is that it can just perform a single function. It performs as an input device when connected to the buffer and as an output device when connected to the latch. Thus this interfacing has a limited capability.
Now that you know what is a microprocessor and what are its different types and usage in our technology you will definitely not have any doubt regarding it in your near future and can confidently answer to people who know the least about it.
Also Read the important post: Types and Applications of Microcontrollers
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