Masters in programming

27/11/2018

In the current scenario E-business projects are becoming popular day-by-day. People can sell and purchase at their ease. In this regard e-business has got lot of importance and became necessity. To satisfy customer need it becomes mandatory to adopt industry regulations, standards to complete the e-...

18/10/2014

3. Derived data type in C:
• Array, pointer, structure and union are called derived data type in C language.
• To know more about derived data types, please visit “C – Array“ , “C – Pointer” , “C – Structure” and “C – Union” topics in this tutorial.
4. Void data type in C:
• Void is an empty data type that has no value.
• This can be used in functions and pointers.
• Please visit “C – Function” topic to know how to use void data type in function with simple call by value and call by reference example programs.

18/10/2014

Enumeration data type in C:
• Enumeration data type consists of named integer constants as a list.
• It start with 0 (zero) by default and value is incremented by 1 for the sequential identifiers in the list.
• Enum syntax in C:
enum identifier [optional{ enumerator-list }];
• Enum example in C:
enum month { Jan, Feb, Mar }; or
/* Jan, Feb and Mar variables will be assigned to 0, 1 and 2 respectively by default */
enum month { Jan = 1, Feb, Mar };
/* Feb and Mar variables will be assigned to 2 and 3 respectively by default */
enum month { Jan = 20, Feb, Mar };
/* Jan is assigned to 20. Feb and Mar variables will be assigned to 21 and 22 respectively by default */
• The above enum functionality can also be implemented by “ ” preprocessor directive as given below. Above enum example is same as given below.
Jan 20;
Feb 21;
Mar 22;

11/10/2014

11/10/2014

C – Data Types:
There are four data types in C language. They are,
S.no Types Data Types
1 Basic data types int, char, float, double
2 Enumeration data type enum
3 Derived data type pointer, array, structure, union
4 Void data type void
1. Basic data types in C:

1.1. Integer data type:
• Integer data type allows a variable to store numeric values.
• “int” keyword is used to refer integer data type.
• The storage size of int data type is 2 or 4 or 8 byte.
• It varies depend upon the processor in the CPU that we use. If
we are using 16 bit processor, 2 byte (16 bit) of memory will
be allocated for int data type.
• Like wise, 4 byte (32 bit) of memory for 32 bit processor and 8
byte (64 bit) of memory for 64 bit processor is allocated for int
datatype.
• int (2 byte) can store values from -32,768 to +32,767
• int (4 byte) can store values from -2,147,483,648 to
+2,147,483,647.
• If you want to use the integer value that crosses the above
limit, you can go for “long int” and “long long int” for which the
limits are very high.
Note:
• We can’t store decimal values using int data type.
• If we use int data type to store decimal values, decimal values
will be truncated and we will get only whole number.
• In this case, float data type can be used to store decimal
values in a variable.

1.2. Character data type:
• Character data type allows a variable to store only one
character.
• Storage size of character data type is 1. We can store only one
character using character data type.
• “char” keyword is used to refer character data type.
• For example, ‘A’ can be stored using char datatype. You can’t
store more than one character using char data type.
• Please refer C – Strings topic to know how to store more than
one characters in a variable.

1.3. Floating point data type:
Floating point data type consists of 2 types. They are,
1. float
2. double
1. float:
• Float data type allows a variable to store decimal values.
• Storage size of float data type is 4. This also varies depend
upon the processor in the CPU as “int” data type.
• We can use up-to 6 digits after decimal using float data type.
• For example, 10.456789 can be stored in a variable using
float data type.
2. double:
• Double data type is also same as float data type which allows
up-to 10 digits after decimal.
• The range for double datatype is from 1E–37 to 1E+37.

09/10/2014

Description for each section of a C program

1 Documentation section: We can give comments about the program, creation or modified date, author name etc in this section. The characters or words or anything which are given between “/*” and “*/”, won’t be considered by C compiler for compilation process.These will be ignored by C compiler during compilation.
Example : /* comment line1 comment line2 comment 3 */
2 Link Section: Header files that are required to execute a C program are included in this section
3 Definition Section: In this section, variables are defined and values are set to these variables.
4 Global declaration section: Global variables are defined in this section. When a variable is to be used throughout the program, can be defined in this section.
5 Function prototype declaration section: Function prototype gives many information about a function like return type, parameter names used inside the function.
6 Main function: Every C program is started from main function and this function contains two major sections called declaration section and executable section.
7 User defined function section: User can define their own functions in this section which perform particular task as per the user requirement

08/10/2014

C language standards:
• C89/C90 standard – First standardized specification for C
language was developed by the American National Standards
Institute in 1989. C89 and C90 standards refer to the same
programming language.
• C99 standard – Next revision was published in 1999 that
introduced new features like advanced data types and other
changes.

08/10/2014

C – Language History
The C language is a structure oriented programming language, developed at Bell Laboratories in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie
• C language features were derived from an earlier language
called “B” (Basic Combined Programming Language – BCPL)
• C language was invented for implementing UNIX operating
system
• In 1978, Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernighan published the first
edition “The C Programming Language” and commonly known
as K&R C
• In 1983, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
established a committee to provide a modern, comprehensive
definition of C. The resulting definition, the ANSI standard, or
“ANSI C”, was completed late 1988.

07/09/2014

What would be the output of the following program:
main()
{
int x=40;
{
int x=20;
printf("\n%d",x);
}
printf("%d",x);
}

07/09/2014

What would be the output of following program code ?
main()
{
int i =2;
printf("\n%d %d", ++i,++i);
}

04/09/2014

Welcome to the world of programming guys . Bring more students to like this page for their bright future .....

04/09/2014

What are different syntax used to include header files in C++ ?