02/13/2026
Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the upper lobes of the lungs and presents with chronic cough (>3 weeks), hemoptysis, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue—think airborne precautions + negative pressure room + N95 for NCLEX. Diagnosis is confirmed with 3 early-morning AFB sputum smears (induration, not redness, is read 48–72 hrs after Mantoux), and treatment is long-term RIPE therapy (Rifampin, Isoniazid + B6, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol). Remember: Rifampin turns body fluids orange-red, INH causes hepatotoxicity and neuropathy, Ethambutol affects vision, and patients are noninfectious after 3 negative sputum smears with clinical improvement.