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Which component convert ac to DC
16/07/2026

Which component convert ac to DC

16/07/2026

This image explains the 1N400x series Silicon Rectifier Diodes, which are commonly used in power supplies to convert AC (Alternating Current) into DC (Direct Current).
What is a Silicon Rectifier Diode?
A rectifier diode is an electronic component that allows current to flow in only one direction.
Anode (+): Current enters here.
Cathode (-): Current exits here.
The silver band on the diode body marks the Cathode.
Main Features
Current Rating: 1.0 Ampere (1A)
Package Type: DO-41 plastic case
Operating Temperature: Up to 150°C
Maximum Soldering Temperature: 260°C for a few seconds
Voltage Ratings of the 1N400x Series
Diode
Maximum Reverse Voltage
Maximum RMS Voltage
1N4001
50V
35V
1N4002
100V
70V
1N4003
200V
140V
1N4004
400V
280V
1N4005
600V
420V
1N4006
800V
560V
1N4007
1000V
700V
BY133
1300V
701V
Important Note
All 1N4001 to 1N4007 diodes can carry the same current (1A).
The only major difference is the maximum reverse voltage they can withstand.
1N4007 is the most commonly used because it can handle up to 1000V reverse voltage, making it suitable for many electronic circuits.
Common Applications
AC to DC rectifier circuits
Power supplies (SMPS and transformer-based)
Battery chargers
Adapters
Protection against reverse polarity
In summary:
The image compares the 1N400x diode family, showing that they all have a 1A current rating, but each model supports a different maximum reverse voltage, with 1N4007 being the highest-rated and most widely used.
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15/07/2026

This image compares MOSFET, BJT Transistor, and IGBT. These are three different semiconductor switching devices used in electronic circuits.
1. MOSFET (IRFP460)
Example: IRFP460 (TO-247 package)
Control: Voltage-controlled (needs voltage at the Gate)
Maximum Voltage: 500 V
Maximum Current: 20 A
Maximum Power: 280 W
Switching Speed: Very High (excellent for high-frequency switching)
Pins:
G = Gate
D = Drain
S = Source
Common Applications:
SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)
DC-DC converters
Inverters
High-speed switching circuits
2. BJT Transistor (2SC5200)
Example: 2SC5200 (TO-247 package)
Control: Current-controlled (requires base current)
Maximum Voltage: 230 V
Maximum Current: 15 A
Maximum Power: 150 W
Pins:
B = Base
C = Collector
E = Emitter
Common Applications:
Audio power amplifiers
Linear amplifier circuits
Signal amplification
3. IGBT (FGH60N60)
Example: FGH60N60 (TO-247 package)
Control: Voltage-controlled (like a MOSFET)
Maximum Voltage: 600 V
Maximum Current: 60 A
Maximum Power: 300 W
Pins:
G = Gate
C = Collector
E = Emitter
Common Applications:
Motor drives
Induction heaters
Welding machines
High-power inverters
Main Differences
Feature
MOSFET
BJT
IGBT
Control
Voltage
Current
Voltage
Switching Speed
Very High
Lower
Medium
Best For
High-frequency switching
Amplification
High-power switching
Common Use
SMPS, Inverters
Audio Amplifiers
Motor Drives, Welders
Important Note
The voltage, current, and power values shown in the image apply only to the specific example devices (IRFP460, 2SC5200, and FGH60N60). Different MOSFETs, BJTs, and IGBTs can have very different ratings.
If you repair solar inverters, AC PCBs, or SMPS, the MOSFET and IGBT are the most commonly used switching devices, while the 2SC5200 BJT is mainly used in audio amplifier circuits.
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14/07/2026

The image explains the TMP36 Analog Temperature Sensor, a small 3-pin IC used to measure temperature. Here is a simple explanation in English:
What is TMP36?
The TMP36 is a precision analog temperature sensor made by Analog Devices. It measures temperature and gives an analog voltage output that is proportional to the temperature in degrees Celsius (°C).
Pin Configuration (Front View)
When the flat side of the sensor faces you:
Pin 1 – Vs
Power Supply
Operating Voltage: 2.7V to 5.5V
Pin 2 – Vout
Analog Output
Output changes by 10 mV per °C
Pin 3 – GND
Ground (0V)
Features
✅ Supply Voltage: 2.7V – 5.5V
✅ Output Scale: 10 mV/°C
✅ Accuracy: ±0.5°C (Typical)
✅ Very Low Current Consumption: 50 µA
✅ Temperature Range: −40°C to +125°C
✅ Stable and reliable performance
Specifications
Supply Voltage: 2.7V to 5.5V
Output Voltage: 0.2V to (Vs − 0.1V)
Scale Factor: 10 mV per °C
Operating Temperature: −40°C to +125°C
Internal Structure
Inside the sensor:
Sensor Die – Detects temperature.
Wire Bonds – Connect the chip to the pins.
Lead Frame – Metal frame supporting the pins.
Molding Epoxy – Protective plastic body.
Output Graph
The graph shows that the output voltage increases linearly as temperature increases.
Examples:
0°C → about 0.5V
25°C → about 0.75V
100°C → about 1.5V
This linear output makes it easy to connect the TMP36 to a microcontroller (Arduino, ESP32, PIC, STM32, etc.) and calculate temperature.
Common Applications
Digital thermometers
Weather stations
Air conditioners (AC)
Refrigerators
Battery temperature monitoring
Industrial temperature control
Electronic devices requiring temperature sensing #

Diac vs triac
13/07/2026

Diac vs triac

13/07/2026

This image is a quick reference chart of the most important electrical formulas used in electronics and electrical engineering.
1. Ohm's Law
These formulas show the relationship between Voltage (V), Current (I), Resistance (R), and Power (P).
Voltage: �
Current: �
Resistance: �
Power: �
Example:
Voltage = 12 V
Resistance = 6 Ω
Current = 12 ÷ 6 = 2 A
2. DC Power
Power in a DC circuit can be calculated in three ways:
P = V × I
P = I² × R
P = V² ÷ R
Example: 12 V × 5 A = 60 W
3. AC Power
Used in AC (Alternating Current) systems.
Apparent Power (S):
S = V × I (Volt-Ampere, VA)
Active Power (P):
P = V × I × cosφ (Watts)
Reactive Power (Q):
Q = V × I × sinφ (VAR)
Power Factor (PF):
PF = cosφ
Power factor indicates how efficiently electrical power is being used.
4. Energy
Energy consumed is:
E = P × t
Where:
E = Energy
P = Power (W)
t = Time (hours or seconds)
Example: 1000 W heater running for 2 hours:
Energy = 1000 × 2 = 2000 Wh = 2 kWh
5. Transformer Formulas
These formulas describe the relationship between transformer windings, voltage, and current.
Turns Ratio:
�
Voltage Ratio:
�
Current Ratio:
�
Where:
N = Number of turns
V = Voltage
I = Current
6. Cable & Conductor Voltage Drop
Single Phase
Vd = 2 × I × R × L
Three Phase
Vd = √3 × I × (R × cosφ + X × sinφ) × L
Where:
Vd = Voltage Drop
I = Current
R = Resistance
X = Reactance
L = Cable Length
These formulas help select the correct cable size.
7. Heating Effect of Current
H = I² × R × t
Where:
H = Heat
I = Current
R = Resistance
t = Time
This explains why wires and resistors become hot when current flows through them.
Symbols Used
V = Voltage (Volt)
I = Current (Ampere)
R = Resistance (Ohm)
P = Power (Watt)
E = Energy
S = Apparent Power (VA)
Q = Reactive Power (VAR)
PF = Power Factor
N = Number of Transformer Turns
L = Cable Length
This chart is an excellent basic electrical formula sheet for students, electricians, AC technicians, and electronics repair technicians. # # # # #

2n7002 n channel MOSFET
12/07/2026

2n7002 n channel MOSFET

12/07/2026

This image is an Electrical Calculation Chart. It shows 8 basic electrical formulas that electricians and electronics technicians use for calculating power, current, resistance, energy, and power factor.
1. Power from Current and Resistance
Formula:
Current (I) = 10 A
Resistance (R) = 20 Ω
Calculation:
�
�
Power = 2000 W (2 kW)
2. Current from Power and Voltage
Formula:
Power = 3000 W
Voltage = 240 V
Calculation:
�
Current = 12.5 A
3. Resistance from Voltage and Current
Formula:
Voltage = 360 V
Current = 18 A
Calculation:
�
Resistance = 20 Ω
4. Power Factor (PF)
Formula:
Real Power (P) = 8 kW
Apparent Power (S) = 10 kVA
Calculation:
�
Power Factor = 0.80
5. Apparent Power (kVA)
Formula:
Real Power = 6 kW
PF = 0.75
Calculation:
�
Apparent Power = 8 kVA
6. Reactive Power (kVAR)
Formula:
S = 10 kVA
P = 8 kW
Calculation:
�
�
Reactive Power = 6 kVAR
7. Energy Consumption (kWh)
Formula:
Power = 4.5 kW
Time = 8 hours
Calculation:
�
Energy = 36 kWh
8. Three-Phase Line Current
Formula:
Power = 18 kW
Line Voltage = 415 V
PF = 0.85
Calculation:
�
Line Current = 29.45 A
Symbols Used
P = Power (W or kW)
I = Current (A)
V = Voltage (V)
R = Resistance (Ω)
PF = Power Factor
S = Apparent Power (kVA)
Q = Reactive Power (kVAR)
E = Energy (kWh)
t = Time (hours)
This chart is a quick reference guide for common electrical calculations used in electrical wiring, AC systems, solar inverters, UPS systems, and industrial electrical work.
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11/07/2026

SMD Resistor Code Chart (E24 & E96): Common SMD Resistor Markings and Resistance Values Explained

Working with surface-mount electronics? Knowing how to read SMD resistor codes can save time and prevent costly mistakes during troubleshooting, PCB repair, or circuit assembly.

This quick-reference chart highlights some of the most commonly used 3-digit and 4-digit SMD resistor markings, along with their corresponding resistance values. Whether you're repairing consumer electronics, designing a new PCB, or learning electronics, this guide makes resistor identification fast and straightforward.

Examples included:

101 = 100Ω

102 = 1kΩ

152 = 1.5kΩ

222 = 2.2kΩ

332 = 3.3kΩ

472 = 4.7kΩ

562 = 5.6kΩ

822 = 8.2kΩ

103 = 10kΩ

153 = 15kΩ

1802 = 18kΩ (4-digit code)

223 = 22kΩ

473 = 47kΩ

683 = 68kΩ

104 = 100kΩ

474 = 470kΩ

824 = 820kΩ

105 = 1MΩ

Keep this chart handy as a practical reference for electronics repair, component identification, soldering projects, and DIY circuit work.

> Accuracy Check: The resistor codes and values shown in the image are correct according to the standard SMD resistor marking system.

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Tl431pin out
11/07/2026

Tl431pin out

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